Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in India, having overtaken cervical cancer. In cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Kolkata, Chennai, Bhopal, Ahmedabad, breast cancer accounts for 25%-35% of all female cancers.
Breast cancer is also more common in the younger population. Almost 50% of all cases are in the age group of 25-40. The numbers are staggering and the most disturbing fact is that Indian Council for Medical Research published a report in 2016 which stated that the total number of new cancer cases is expected to be about 15 lakhs. This figure will likely to increase to 18 lakhs in 2020. So, it is of paramount importance to be aware of diagnosis, treatment and surgical options for breast cancer.
Surgical removal of the tumor is the primary treatment for invasive breast cancers. Quite often, radiation therapy will follow to help prevent a local recurrence of the breast cancer depending on the tumor type. There are different types of surgery used to treat breast cancer.
Lumpectomy is the removal of lump or sweeling, this procedure doesn't require wide mapping, it is done for benign (non cancerous swelling). It involves removing the cancerous breast tissue while leaving as much healthy tissue as possible in place. When a non-malignant tumor such as a fibroadenoma of the breast is removed, it is often called an excisional breast biopsy. Lumpectomy is not suitable for every breast cancer patient, and when it is performed, the amount of tissue removed can vary greatly depending on the extent of the cancer.
The main advantage of lumpectomy is that it can conserve much of the manifestation and sensation of the breast. It is a less invasive surgery and the recovery time is shorter.
After the completion of a lumpectomy, a pathologist will evaluate the tumor margins using the sample of healthy tissue that was removed along with the tumor. The lumpectomy is considered to be a success if no cancer cells (clear margins) are identified. Nevertheless, if the margins contain malignant cells, further surgery may be required.
It involves removal of cancerous lump with marging and removal of Lymph Nodes. It is less radical surgery, early recover from surgery. Patient undergoing breast conservative surgery require adjuvant radiation therapy irrespective of the pathology, findings.
Mastectomy is a surgical procedure which involves the removal of entire breast. Mastectomy is recommended for benign tumors involving whole of the breast. Ex: Phylloides tumor. Other indicators are as prophalaois in high risk patient to prevent breast cancer. (Ex: Angelina Jolie underwent B/L prophylactic mastectomy to prevent cancer). Mastectomy is also recommended to prevent cancer from occurring in women who have a high risk for breast cancer.
The entire breast, including the nipple, is removed with the exception of the lymph nodes and muscle tissues.
A double mastectomy refers to the removal of both breasts due to a high risk of the cancer spreading (metastasize).
This is a kind of the total mastectomy that involves the removal of entire breast including the lymph nodes under the arm.
This is a variation of the total mastectomy that removes the entire breast, including the lymph nodes under the arm, and the pectoral muscles under the breast. This may be advised only when breast cancer has spread to the chest muscles.
This mastectomy approach preserves as much of a patient’s skin as possible. The breast tissue, nipple and areola are removed while the skin on top the breast is left untouched. This type of mastectomy is recommended for those who plan to have immediate breast reconstructive surgery.
Sometimes called as total skin-sparing mastectomy, the nipple, areola and skin on top the breast is left intact, while all of the breast tissue, including the ducts to the nipple and areola are removed. Breast reconstructive surgery is done right after the mastectomy.
Cancer cells might have spread into the lymph nodes nearer to the breast and to detect if the breast cancer has spread to axillary (underarm) lymph nodes, one or more of these lymph nodes will be removed and examined. Lymph nodes may be removed either as part of the surgery to remove the breast cancer or as a separate procedure.
The surgical procedure to check whether the cancer has spread from primary tumor into lymphatic system is sentinel node biopsy. It is used in finding breast cancer and melanoma. The first few lymph nodes which tumor drains are sentinel nodes.
This surgery begins at the time of breast conservation surgery, or weeks or months to years afterwards (delayed). This is a smooth surgical process, this can be done in one operative setting.
Those who have been diagnosed with breast cancer are required to go through certain surgeries. The main surgeries for treating breast cancer are mastectomy and lumpectomy. Breast reconstruction surgery is a surgery for rebuilding breasts after mastectomy or lumpectomy. It can be done simultaneously after your breast cancer surgery or at a later time.
There are many different reconstruction techniques available and they can be done months or years after breast cancer surgeries. This is the surgery in which the plastic surgeon reconstructs the breast shape using artificial implants, these implants can be flap of tissue from your body. After the reconstruction surgery proper care has to be taken for recovery. Having reconstruction surgery at the time of mastectomy gives better cosmetic results. However, if one is not sure about having the surgery, it can be done later also. Those who are interested in having a reconstruction, it is better to consult their breast surgeon early on. You may also ask your surgeon for referral to a plastic surgeon so that you can discuss your reconstruction options in advance.
1. Silicon implants for breast augmentation
2. Pedicaled flaps -Latissimus, TRAM flap
3. Free flap transfer
4. Reduction mammoplasty
Dr. Shiva Kumar Uppala, one of the best laparoscopic cancer surgeon in Bangalore, specializes in minimal access surgical techniques and has performed more than 500 surgeries till now. He received extensive training and has done his residency in surgical oncology from esteemed institutions.
Visit @ oncologistindia.com
Mail us: oncologistindiadrshiva@gmail.com
Book appointment: www.oncologistindia.com/book-appointment
Breast cancer is also more common in the younger population. Almost 50% of all cases are in the age group of 25-40. The numbers are staggering and the most disturbing fact is that Indian Council for Medical Research published a report in 2016 which stated that the total number of new cancer cases is expected to be about 15 lakhs. This figure will likely to increase to 18 lakhs in 2020. So, it is of paramount importance to be aware of diagnosis, treatment and surgical options for breast cancer.
Surgical removal of the tumor is the primary treatment for invasive breast cancers. Quite often, radiation therapy will follow to help prevent a local recurrence of the breast cancer depending on the tumor type. There are different types of surgery used to treat breast cancer.
1. Lumpectomy
Lumpectomy is the removal of lump or sweeling, this procedure doesn't require wide mapping, it is done for benign (non cancerous swelling). It involves removing the cancerous breast tissue while leaving as much healthy tissue as possible in place. When a non-malignant tumor such as a fibroadenoma of the breast is removed, it is often called an excisional breast biopsy. Lumpectomy is not suitable for every breast cancer patient, and when it is performed, the amount of tissue removed can vary greatly depending on the extent of the cancer.
The main advantage of lumpectomy is that it can conserve much of the manifestation and sensation of the breast. It is a less invasive surgery and the recovery time is shorter.
After the completion of a lumpectomy, a pathologist will evaluate the tumor margins using the sample of healthy tissue that was removed along with the tumor. The lumpectomy is considered to be a success if no cancer cells (clear margins) are identified. Nevertheless, if the margins contain malignant cells, further surgery may be required.
2. Breast conservative surgery
It involves removal of cancerous lump with marging and removal of Lymph Nodes. It is less radical surgery, early recover from surgery. Patient undergoing breast conservative surgery require adjuvant radiation therapy irrespective of the pathology, findings.
3. Mastectomy
Mastectomy is a surgical procedure which involves the removal of entire breast. Mastectomy is recommended for benign tumors involving whole of the breast. Ex: Phylloides tumor. Other indicators are as prophalaois in high risk patient to prevent breast cancer. (Ex: Angelina Jolie underwent B/L prophylactic mastectomy to prevent cancer). Mastectomy is also recommended to prevent cancer from occurring in women who have a high risk for breast cancer.
There are several types of mastectomy procedures:
Simple or Total Mastectomy:
The entire breast, including the nipple, is removed with the exception of the lymph nodes and muscle tissues.
Double Mastectomy:
A double mastectomy refers to the removal of both breasts due to a high risk of the cancer spreading (metastasize).
Modified Radical Mastectomy:
This is a kind of the total mastectomy that involves the removal of entire breast including the lymph nodes under the arm.
Radical Mastectomy:
This is a variation of the total mastectomy that removes the entire breast, including the lymph nodes under the arm, and the pectoral muscles under the breast. This may be advised only when breast cancer has spread to the chest muscles.
Skin sparing mastectomy:
This mastectomy approach preserves as much of a patient’s skin as possible. The breast tissue, nipple and areola are removed while the skin on top the breast is left untouched. This type of mastectomy is recommended for those who plan to have immediate breast reconstructive surgery.
Nipple Spearing Mastectomy:
Sometimes called as total skin-sparing mastectomy, the nipple, areola and skin on top the breast is left intact, while all of the breast tissue, including the ducts to the nipple and areola are removed. Breast reconstructive surgery is done right after the mastectomy.
Cancer cells might have spread into the lymph nodes nearer to the breast and to detect if the breast cancer has spread to axillary (underarm) lymph nodes, one or more of these lymph nodes will be removed and examined. Lymph nodes may be removed either as part of the surgery to remove the breast cancer or as a separate procedure.
Sentinel Node Biopsy
The surgical procedure to check whether the cancer has spread from primary tumor into lymphatic system is sentinel node biopsy. It is used in finding breast cancer and melanoma. The first few lymph nodes which tumor drains are sentinel nodes.
Oncoplastic Surgery for Breast
This surgery begins at the time of breast conservation surgery, or weeks or months to years afterwards (delayed). This is a smooth surgical process, this can be done in one operative setting.
Breast Reconstruction
Those who have been diagnosed with breast cancer are required to go through certain surgeries. The main surgeries for treating breast cancer are mastectomy and lumpectomy. Breast reconstruction surgery is a surgery for rebuilding breasts after mastectomy or lumpectomy. It can be done simultaneously after your breast cancer surgery or at a later time.
There are many different reconstruction techniques available and they can be done months or years after breast cancer surgeries. This is the surgery in which the plastic surgeon reconstructs the breast shape using artificial implants, these implants can be flap of tissue from your body. After the reconstruction surgery proper care has to be taken for recovery. Having reconstruction surgery at the time of mastectomy gives better cosmetic results. However, if one is not sure about having the surgery, it can be done later also. Those who are interested in having a reconstruction, it is better to consult their breast surgeon early on. You may also ask your surgeon for referral to a plastic surgeon so that you can discuss your reconstruction options in advance.
Types
1. Silicon implants for breast augmentation
2. Pedicaled flaps -Latissimus, TRAM flap
3. Free flap transfer
4. Reduction mammoplasty
Surgical Oncology in India
Dr. Shiva Kumar Uppala, one of the best laparoscopic cancer surgeon in Bangalore, specializes in minimal access surgical techniques and has performed more than 500 surgeries till now. He received extensive training and has done his residency in surgical oncology from esteemed institutions.
Visit @ oncologistindia.com
Mail us: oncologistindiadrshiva@gmail.com
Book appointment: www.oncologistindia.com/book-appointment
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